A Description of Jahannum
By:
Young Mens Muslim Association
PO Box 18594 – Actonville – Benoni – 1506
South Africa
A Description Of Jahannum
2
A DESCRIPTION OF JAHANNUM
Once Hadhrat Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) described Jahannum to
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) as follows:
“After Allah Ta’ala created Jahannum, it was stoked for a
thousand years. It then became red. It was stoked for another
thousand years, and it became white. It was again stoked for
another thousand years and it became black. Presently it is black.
The roaring and leaping of its flames never cease. I take an oath by
Allah! If Jahannum had to be opened the size of a needle’s eye, the
entire universe would be reduced to ash.
If a garment of a Jahannumi (an inmate of Jahannum) should be
suspended between heaven and earth, its foul odour and heat will
destroy and kill the entire creation. If just one chain of Jahannum
from the chains mentioned in the Qur’aan is placed on a mountain,
the latter will melt and sink into the very bottom of the earth’s
bowels.
If a person in the East had to be inflicted with the Athaab
(punishment) of Jahannum, its heat will cause immense suffering
to the people in the West. The scorching heat of Jahannum is
extreme and its depth is an abyss. Its jewels are made of iron and
its water is boiling pus. Its garments are of fire. It has five portals.
The people who will pass through each portal have already been
ordained.
The distance between two portals is 70 miles. Each door is 70
times hotter than the adjacent one. The enemies of Allah Ta’ala
will be driven towards these Doors. They will be welcomed at
these portals with chains with which they will be fettered. Each
person will be accompanied by his/her shaitaan. They will be
dragged upside down with their faces on the ground. They will be
clubbed with hammers and buffeted by Angels into Jahannum.”
A Description Of Jahannum
3
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) asked: “Who will
occupy the various levels of Jahannum?” Jibraeel (alayhis salaam)
replied:
“The very last (at the bottom) level will be occupied by the
Munaafiqeen (Hypocrites), the People of the Maaidah, and Fir’oun
with his legions. The name of this level is Haawiyah. The second
level (i.e. above Haawiyah) will be occupied by the Mushrikeen.
Its name is Jaheem. The third level will be the abode of the
Saabieen (Star Worshippers). Its name is Saqar. The fourth level
will be the home of Iblees and his followers. Its name is Lati. The
fifth level, Hutamah, will be the abode of the Yahood. The sixth
level, Saeer, will be the abode of the Nasaara.”
Suddenly Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) became silent. Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) asked: “Why are you silent? Who will
be the inmates of the seventh level?” With utmost difficulty and
with downcast eyes, Hadhrat Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) responded:
“The inmates of the seventh level will be the people of your
Ummah who committed major sins and died without Taubah.”
Unable to bear the pain and agony of grief which this
information ignited in him, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam)
fell down unconscious. The Narrator exclaimed: “May my father
and mother be sacrificed!”
Hadhrat Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) cradled Rasulullah’s blessed
head in his lap. When Nabi-e-Kareem (sallallahu alayhi wasallam)
regained consciousness, he cried: “Will anyone from my Ummah
also be cast into Jahannum?” Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) said: “Yes!
Those who commit major sins and die without Taubah.”
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) broke down crying
uncontrollably. His tears and grief reduced Jibraeel (alayhis
salaam) also to tears.
A Description Of Jahannum
4
Hadhrat Jibraeel (alayhis salaam) departed. Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) returned home and went into complete
seclusion. He discontinued meeting people. He would emerge
from the house for only Salaat. After Salaat, without speaking a
word, he would return home. He would begin Salaat crying and
end Salaat crying. Nabi-e-Kareem (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) was
unable to control his grief.
On the third day, Hadhrat Abu Bakr (radhiyallahu anhu)
appeared at the door of Rasulullah’s home. He greeted and
requested permission to enter. There was no response from within
the home. He left shedding tears. Hadhrat Umar (radhiyallahu
anhu) made a similar attempt to meet with Rasulullah (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam), but also returned shedding tears. Then Hadhrat
Salmaan Faarsi (radhiyallahu anhu) appeared. He too was met with
silence. He remained for a while. Restlessly would he sit, then get
up, then sit and get up. He went away and returned without being
granted permission to enter. He departed crying in profusion. In
this pitiful condition he went to the house of Hadhrat Faatimah
(radhiyallahu anha) and narrated the entire episode.
Restless and agitated, Hadhrat Faatimah (radhiyallahu anha)
covering herself with her shawl went immediately to the home of
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam). At the door she made
Salaam and said: ‘I am Faatimah!” At that moment Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) was crying in Sajdah, grief-stricken
because of his Ummah. (Yes his Ummah – that Ummah which is
today mocking and abandoning his Sunnah – that Ummah which is
today priding itself with its emulation of the kuffaar. May Allah
Ta’ala open up the blinded eyes of this Ummah. May Allah Ta’ala
eliminate the intoxication of westernism which has made this
Ummah turn their backs on the Sunnah of Rasulullah sallallahu
alayhi wasallam – who are stabbing Nabi-e-Kareem sallallahu
A Description Of Jahannum
5
alayhi wasallam in the heart with their kufr, bid’ah, fisq, fujoor,
abandonment of the Sunnah, and aping the enemies of Allah.)
Lifting his mubaarak head from Sajdah, Rasulullah (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam) said: “Faatimah! The Coolness of my eyes! What
is the matter?” He instructed the inmates in the home to open the
door for Faatimah (radhiyallahu anha). When Hadhrat Faatimah’s
eyes beheld the state of Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) she
wept uncontrollably. Then she exclaimed: “O Rasulullah! What
has reduced you to this condition?” Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi
wasallam) said: “O Faatimah! Jibraeel came to me and described
Jahannum. He informed me that the uppermost level of Jahannum
will be the abode for those of my Ummah who will be committing
major sins. This grief has reduced me to this condition.”
Hadhrat Faatimah (radhiyallahu anha) asked: “How will the
Angels cast them into Jahannum?” Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi
wasallam) said: “The Angels will drag them towards Jahannum,
but their faces will not become black. Their eyes will not become
green. Their mouths will not be sealed nor will their shayaateen be
accompanying them.” Then she asked: “How will the Angels grab
them?” Nabi-e-Kareem (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “The
men will be grabbed by their beards and the women by their hair.
The old and the young, men and women, all of them in unison will
loudly lament over their state of humiliation. They will be driven
in this state of disgrace to Jahannum. When they arrive at
Jahannum, Maalik, the Guard of Jahannum, will ask the Angels:
‘Who are these people? They are an astonishing kind. Neither are
their faces black nor their eyes green, nor have their mouths been
sealed. Their shayaateen (devils) are also not accompanying them.
There are no chains around their necks.’
The Angels will respond: ‘We are not aware of anything. We
have only been commanded to deliver them to you.’
A Description Of Jahannum
6
Maalik, the Guard of Jahannum will bellow: ‘O you unfortunate
ones! Who are you?’
They will say: ‘We are those people to whom the Qur’aan was
revealed and on whom fasting in Ramadhaan was made
incumbent.’
Maalik: ‘The Qur’aan was revealed only to Muhammad (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam).’
The very mention of Rasulullah’s name will evoke loud wails
and cries from the people, and they will cry: ‘We are the Ummah
of Muhammad (sallallahu alayhi wasallam).’
Maalik: ‘What! Did the Qur’aan not warn of transgressing against
Allah Ta’ala?’
The sight of the blazing fire will compel them to plead to
Maalik: ‘Allow us time to shed our final tears (i.e. outside
Jahannum).’ Thus, will they wail until their tears are replaced by
blood. Blood will flow from their eyes. Maalik will say: ‘Would
that this crying had been on earth, then you would not have
suffered this calamity today.’
By the command of Maalik they all will be flung into
Jahannum. All in unison will cry: ‘Laailaha il lallaah’. On hearing
this Kalimah, the Fire will hold back. Maalik will remonstrate with
the Fire, and it will respond: ‘How can I apprehend them when the
Kalimah of Tauheed is on their tongues?’ After the Fire will repeat
its performance several times, Maalik will say: ‘This is Allah’s
command (i.e. to punish them).’ The Fire will then suck them in.
Some will be in the Fire until their feet, some until their knees,
some until their hips and some until their necks. Maalik will
instruct the Fire not to burn their faces and their hearts. He will
A Description Of Jahannum
7
say: ‘On earth they had performed Salaat and fasted in
Ramadhaan.’
They will remain in the Fire as long as Allah Ta’ala wills.
Whilst suffering the torments of Jahannum, they will repeatedly
call unto Allah Ta’ala: ‘Ya Hannaan! Ya Mannaan! Ya Arhamur
Raahimeen! (O Thou of Overwhelming Mercy! O Thou of
Limitless Bounties! O Thou Most Merciful of all the merciful
ones!)
One day (after ages and ages of burning in the Fire), Allah
Ta’ala will say to Jibraeel: ‘Go and see what is the condition of the
Ummah of Muhammad.’ With extreme haste, Jibraeel will set off
on the errand. He will find Maalik in the middle of Jahannum
seated on a throne of fire. Seeing Jibraeel, Maalik will rise from
his throne to welcome him. Jibraeel will say that he has come to
enquire about the state of the Ummah of Muhammad (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam). Maalik will say: ‘Their condition is extremely
vile. The Fire has consumed the flesh from their bodies. Only their
faces and hearts remain intact. Imaan still glitters in their hearts.’
Jibraeel will request to view them.
On seeing Jibraeel (alayhis salaam), these inmates of
Jahannum will know that he is not one of the Angels of
Punishment. Mercy will be cascading from the beautiful form of
Jibraeel. They will exclaim: ‘Who is this?’ When it will be said to
them: ‘This is Jibareel who used to reveal Wahi (the Qur’aan) to
Muhammad (sallallahu alayhi wasallam)’, all of them will loudly
wail, and cry out: ‘O Jibraeel: ‘Convey our Salaams to our Master
Muhammad (sallallahu alayhi wasallam), and inform him that our
sins have separated us from him. Our sins have destroyed us.’
On his return, Jibraeel will explain the scene to Allah Ta’ala.
Allah Ta’ala will say: ‘O Jibraeel! Did they say anything to you?’
Jibraeel will say: ‘Yes! They asked that their Salaam be conveyed
A Description Of Jahannum
8
to Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) and to inform him of
their ruined and pitiful state.’ Allah Ta’ala will order Jibraeel to
deliver their message.
Jibraeel will immediately present himself to Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam). On that occasion, Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) will be resting in a palace of white
pearls with four thousand portals. The two sides of every door will
be of gold. After greeting, Jibraeel will say: ‘I have come from the
sinners of your Ummah They have conveyed their Salaam and
have asked me to explain to you their ruined and pitiful state.’
After hearing the full story of the misery of his Ummah,
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) will go to the Arsh and fall
into Sajdah under it. He will recite the praises of Allah Ta’ala as
he had never before recited. Allah Ta’ala will command him to lift
his head and to supplicate for whatever he wishes. It will be
granted. Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) will supplicate:
‘O Allah! Your command regarding the sinners of my Ummah has
been executed. They have suffered their punishment. Accept my
intercession on their behalf.’
Allah Ta’ala will say: ‘We have accepted your intercession.
Proceed to Jahannum and remove every person who had recited La
ilaha il lalaah. On seeing Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam),
the Guard of Jahannum will stand in respect. Rasulullah (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam) will say: ‘O Maalik! What is the condition of the
sinners of my Ummah?’ Maalik will say: ‘Extremely pitiful!’
The gate of Jahannum will be opened up. When their eyes will
fall on Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) the inmates of
Jahannum will scream in unison: ‘O Rasulullah! The Fire has
consumed our skins and our liver……..’ Rasulullah (sallallahu
alayhi wasallam) will proceed with the task to free them from
Jahannum. They will have the appearance of burnt out coal. They
A Description Of Jahannum
9
will be bathed in the river called Ridhwaan which is located just
outside Jannat. They will emerge from the river, handsome and
beautiful with glittering faces. Thereafter they will be admitted to
Jannat.
Those remaining in Jahannum (the kuffaar) will all lament and
cry: ‘Would that we had been Muslim then today we too would
have been saved like them.’
Then, Maut (Death) will be brought in the form of a ram at a
place between Jannat and Jahannum. After it is slaughtered it will
be proclaimed: ‘No longer will there be death for anyone.’ Those
in Jahannum will remain there forever, and those in Jannat will
remain forever.’ ”
Allaahumma ajirna minan naar – O Allah! Save us from the Fire.
REALITY OF JAHANNUM
(Author Unknown)
Easy Entrance: “Paradise is surrounded by difficulties and Fire is
surrounded by temptations” [Bukhari].
Eternal: "O Jannatis, now there will be no death; O Jahannumis
now there will be no death; On hearing this call, the Jannatis will
be delighted and the Jahanamis will become more depressed."
Depth: "If a rock is dropped into Jahannum, it will remain
plummeting for 70 years before touching the pit of Jahannum".
[Muslim]
Four Walls: "Four walls surround Jahannum. The width of each
wall is a walking distance of 40 years".
Seven Gates: "Jahannum has seven gates; one of them is for the
one who unsheathes a sword against my Ummah." [Mishkat]
A Description Of Jahannum
10
Atmosphere: “Jahannum was heated for a thousand years and its
fire turned red; it was then heated for another thousand years and it
became white; it was again heated for another thousand years and
it turned black. At present, Jahannum is pitch black and dark."
[Tirmidhi] "The fire in which one will burn is the 70th part of the
Fire of Jahannum.” [Muslim]
Breath: "Once Jahannum complained to Allah Ta'ala against the
increasing heat because one portion was eating into another. Then
the Rabb of the Worlds allowed it to have two breaths -- one
during summer and another during winter. Therefore the heat you
feel is the effect of the heave of Jahannum (with it the breath is
taken out) and similarly, the rigid cold you experience is the effect
of the breath (taken in). [Bukhari]
Seven Layers: Ali ibn Abi Talib (radhiyallahu anhu) has said that
the gates of Jahannum are one upon each other. This denotes that
Jahannum has layers. "The Hypocrites will be in the lowest depths
of the Fire." [Qur'an 4:145].
JUBBUL HUZN – THE PIT OF GRIEF
Hadhrat Abu Hurairah (radhiyallahu anhu) narrated that Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) addressing the Sahaabah, said:
“Seek refuge with Allah from Jubbul Huzn (The Pit of Grief).
The Sahaabah asked: “O Rasulullah! (sallallahu alayhi wasallam):
“What is Jubbul Huzn?” Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam)
said: “It is a valley in Jahannum. Daily, Jahannum seeks protection
(with Allah) from it four hundred times.” Someone asked: “O
Rasulullah! (sallallahu alayhi wasallam): ‘Who will enter into it?’
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “It has been prepared
A Description Of Jahannum
11
for the qaaris who display their deeds. Verily, among the most
detested qaaris by Allah are those who visited the rulers.”
This Hadith is adequate warning and admonition for the fussaaq
qaaris and for those who arrange exhibitions and qiraa’t shows
for these qaaris who pursue the dunya with the deeds of the
Aakhirat. Regarding such qaaris Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi
wasallam) said: “The majority of the munaafiqeen of my Ummah
are its qaaris.”
THE TREE OF ZAQQOOM
“And, the people of the left! How wretched are the people of the
left! They shall be (caught) in a fierce scorching wind and in
boiling water, and a shade of intensely black (thick) smoke.
Neither will it be cool nor hospitable.
Then (know) O you deviates who used to falsify (the Haqq)
that verily you shall eat from the Tree of Zaqqoom. Thus you
shall fill your bellies from (the thorns) of it (Zaqqoom). Then upon
it (i.e. upon having been forced to swallow the thorns) you shall
drink boiling water. And, you shall (be forced) to drink like thirsty
camels. This will be (for them) their hospitality on the Day of
Reckoning.”(Surah Waaqiah)
“Is this (i.e. Jannat) better hospitality than the Tree of Zaqqoom?
We have most certainly made it (Zaqqoom) a fitnah (punishment)
for the oppressors. Verily, it (Zaqqoom) is a tree which rises from
the very depths of Jaheem (Jahannum). Its fruit resembles the
heads of shayaateen (devils). Verily they will (be forced) to eat
from it and fill their bellies with it. Thereafter there will be for
them a mixture of boiling water.” (Surah Saffaat)
A Description Of Jahannum
12
“Verily the Tree of Zaqqoom shall be the food of the sinful. It will
be like oil which shall boil in the bellies just as water boils. (It
shall be commanded): ‘Grab him! Drag him to the depths of the
Blazing Fire! Then pour over his head the punishment of boiling
water. Taste! Verily, you are (supposed to be) great and
honourable. This is what you used to doubt (mock and deny).”
(Surah Dukhaan)
Regarding the Tree of Zaqqoom, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi
wasallam) said:
“Even if a drop from the Tree of Zaqqoom is dropped on to
earth, it would contaminate the food of entire mankind.
WILL BE BRANDED
“O People of Imaan! Verily, numerous from the scholars and
saints (of Bani Israaeel) consume the wealth of people unlawfully
and they prevent (people) from the Path of Allah. And, those who
hoard gold and silver and do not spend it in the Path of Allah, give
them the tidings of a painful punishment. On the Day that it (the
gold and silver) shall be heated in the Fire of Jahannum. Then,
shall their foreheads, sides and backs be branded with it (It shall
be said to them): ‘This is what you had treasured for yourselves.
Therefore taste what you had treasured.” (Surah Taubah)
PUS OF THE JAHANNUMIS
“…….And every arrogant tyrant was unsuccessful. Ahead of him
is Jahannum, and he will be given pus to drink. He will drink,
however, it will not go down his throat. Death will approach him
from every side, but he will not die. Before him will be a severe
punishment.” (Surah Ibraaheem)
A Description Of Jahannum
13
Commenting on this aayat, Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam)
said:
“In Jahannum when the drink of pus will be brought close to
his mouth, he will recoil with revulsion . It will be brought closer
and it (the pus) will scorch his face and the skin will fall off. When
he drinks it, his intestines will be ripped apart and emerge from his
anus. Allah Ta’ala will say: ‘Drink boiling water.’ Thus will it tear
to shreds their intestines.” (Mishkaat)
THE VALLEY OF HAB-HAB
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “In Jahannum there
is a valley known as Hab-hab in which will reside every
oppressor.” One of the reasons for this name is the swiftness with
which oppressors will be cast into this horrible valley in
Jahannum.
(Mishkaat)
TEARS OF BLOOD
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “O People! “Cry!
And if you are unable to cry, simulate crying, for verily the people
of the Fire will cry so profusely in the Fire that their tears will be
like rivers.. (They will cry) until the tears stop and blood flows.
Their eyes will become severely wounded, and due to the
abundance of tears and blood a ship will be able to sail if placed in
it (the sea of blood and tears).” (Mishkaat)
FOUL STENCH
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “If a bucket of the
pus (of the people of the Fire) is poured onto earth, its stench
would overwhelm entire mankind.” (Mishkaath)
A Description Of Jahannum
14
AS-SA-OOD
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “(In Jahannum) is a
mountain of Fire called As-Sa-ood. (An inmate) will climb this
mountain for seventy years, then descend (on the other side) for
seventy years. (This process) will be forever.”
THE COLOUR OF THE FIRE
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “The Fire (of
Jahannum) was fuelled for a thousand years until it became red.
Then it was fuelled (again) for a thousand years. It then became
white. Then it was again fuelled for a thousand years. It then
became black. Thus it is intensely black.” (Mishkaat)
SERPENTS AND SCORPIONS
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: In the Fire are
serpents (as huge) as camels. The poisonous effect of a bite of
these serpents will endure for 40 years. And, in the Fire are
scorpions (as big) as mules. When one of them bites, the poisonous
effect will endure for 40 years.” (Mishkaat)
THE SUN AND THE MOON
“Hasan narrated that Abu Hurairah (radhiyallahu anhu) narrated
that Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: ‘On the Day of
Qiyaamah the sun and the moon will be brought in the form of
buffalos, wrapped up and cast into the Fire.’ Hasan said: ‘And
what was their sin?’ Abu Hurairah said: ‘I merely narrate to you
from Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam).’ Then Hasan
remained silent. “ (Mishkaat)
A Description Of Jahannum
15
A MISERABLE WRETCH
Abu Hurairah (radhiyallahu anhu) narrated that Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “None, except a miserable
wretch.” Someone said: “O Rasulullah! Who is a miserable
wretch?” He said: “He who does not practise virtuous deeds for
the sake of Allah and does not shun sins for the sake of Allah.”
(Mishkaat)
VEILED WITH DELIGHTS AND PLEASURES
Rasulullah (sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said: “When Allah created
Jahannum, He said: ‘O Jibraeel! Go and see Jahannum.’ Jibraeel
went, saw it and then said (to Allah Ta’ala): ‘O My Rabb! By
Your Might! No one who hears of Jahannum will ever enter it.’
Then Allah covered Jahannum with delights and pleasures, and He
said to Jibraeel: “Go and see it.’ He went, saw it and then said: ‘O
My Rabb! By Your Might! I fear that there will not remain
anyone but he will enter it.”
YOKES AND CHAINS
“…When there will (be placed) yokes on their necks and chains.
They shall be dragged into the boiling water, then be cast as fuel
into the fire…….Enter the gates of Jahannum wherein you shall
live forever. Vile indeed is the abode of the proud ones.”
(Al-Mu’min)
THE ETERNAL REGRET
“Hadhrat Abu Dardah (radhiyallahu anhu) narrated that Rasulullah
(sallallahu alayhi wasallam) said:
A Description Of Jahannum
16
“Such hunger will be imposed on the inmates of the Fire,
which will be tantamount to the combined punishment of the
inmates of the Fire. They will then plead desperately (to be
relieved of the terrible chastisement of hunger.) Their pleas will be
answered with thorns. They will plead for water. Mugs of (heated)
iron filled with boiling water will be brought close to their faces.
Their faces will be roasted and when it (the boiling water) enters
(by force) into their bellies, it will tear to shreds whatever is inside
their bodies. It will be said to them: ‘Call to the guards of
Jahannum (to aid you).’ The guards of Jahannum will retort:
‘What, did there not come to you your Messengers
(Ambiya/Rusul) with the clear evidence (of the Deen)? They will
lament: ‘Yes.’……It will be said to them: ‘Call Maalik (the Angel
in charge of Jahannum).’ They will cry: ‘O Maalik! (Ask) your
Rabb to end the calamity (i.e. let us die).’ He will respond:
‘Remain (in this condition) forever.’ ……The period which will
lapse from the time of their cry to the time of Maalik’s response)
will be a thousand years.
(A year in the Hereafter equal 50,000 earthly years)
Maalik will say: ‘Call to your Rabb. There is no being better
than your Rabb.’ They will wail: ‘O our Rabb! Our evil has
overwhelmed us. We were a people gone astray. O our Rabb! Take
us out from the Fire. If we ever again repeat (our disobedience),
then we shall surely be transgressors.’ Allah Ta’ala will respond:
“Remain therein disgraced, and do not speak to Me.” At that
moment they will lose all hope of goodness, and they will bray
(like asses), wail and be smitten by eternal regret.”
Reproduced from https://themajlis.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/books_A-DESCRIPTION-OF-JAHANNUM.pdf